for example, Ayatollah Khamenei, “The U.S. Opposes Anything that Will Make Iran Powerful,” October 4, 2018, http://english.khamenei.ir/ news/5991/The-U-S-opposes-anything-that-will-make-Iran-powerful. Yano, Christine R. (2009). "Wink on Pink: Interpreting Japanese Cute as It Grabs the Global Headlines". The Journal of Asian Studies. 68 (3): 681–688. doi: 10.1017/S0021911809990015. How civil resistance (i.e., non-violent forms of resistance) can often involve certain uses of soft power, but remains a distinct concept (Adam Roberts, Timothy Garton Ash) Bouquet, Tim; Ousey, Byron (2009). Cold Steel: Lakshmi Mittal and the Multi-Billion-Dollar Battle for a Global Empire. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780748111763.

Soft War - CORE Iran and the Soft War - CORE

Copy Courmont, Barthélemy. "The soft war era: The case of the United States and China", Revue internationale et stratégique, vol. 104, no. 4, 2016, pp. 6-16. The World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools of Thought, which oversees relations with non-Shia Muslims;Sondhaus, Lawrence (2009). Soft power, hard power, and the Pax Americana. Taylor & Francis. pp.204–8. ISBN 978-0415545334– via Google Books. Bourke, Latik (2023-03-02). "Australia slips again in global soft power ranking". The Sydney Morning Herald.

Can a Soft War Be a Just War? | International Studies Review

Nye popularised the term in his 1990 book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. [2] Gallarotti, Giulio (2010). Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism, NY: Cambridge University Press. How hard and soft power can be combined to optimize national power. The authors give special thanks to Ali Nader, Brian Katz, and Jon Alterman for their review of the document and constructive comments, as well as Jacob Ware and Nicholas Harrington for their assistance in collecting and analyzing data.The Soft Power 30, which includes a foreword by Joseph Nye, is a ranking of countries' soft power produced and published by the media company Portland in 2015. The ranking is based on "the quality of a country’s political institutions, the extent of their cultural appeal, the strength of their diplomatic network, the global reputation of their higher education system, the attractiveness of their economic model, and a country’s digital engagement with the world." [20] [21] [22] Nye, Joseph (2007). "Notes For a Soft Power Research Agenda," in Berenskoetter & Williams (see under "Lukes") While there has been considerable focus in the United States on Iran’s military capabilities and activities, there has been far less attention devoted to Iran’s “soft power” and its efforts to expand influence. This brief focuses on Iranian soft power and asks: How do Iranian leaders view soft power? How does Iran attempt to export soft power? And what are Iran’s weaknesses? To answer these questions, this report compiles quantitative and qualitative information— some of which is new—on elements of Iran’s soft power. Economic warfare on the silver screen". FRANCE 24. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 2012-01-28. Successes of U.S. and Western Soft Power: Iranian leaders have expressed alarm that the Iranian population is increasingly attracted to Western culture and political values. Iranian leaders have long been concerned about "Westoxification" (or gharbzadegi), including the loss of Iranian culture to Western arts and education, and remain concerned today about Western soft power. As Ayatollah Khamenei lamented, “The issue of engineering information and the new means of mass communication that have entered the arena are all tools for dominating the culture of a country . . . The same is true of the internet, of cyberspace, and of information services and tools. These things cannot be in the hands of the enemy. Yet, today they are in his hands. Today, [the media networks] are tools and instruments for cultural infiltration. Today, they are the enemy’s tools for cultural domination.” 73

Soft power - Wikipedia Soft power - Wikipedia

CSIS Briefs are produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s). They are ostensibly non-profit organizations that provide social and public services, and they are legally exempt from taxation and some government regulations. Yet many also engage in commercial and financial activities like banking, trade, and manufacturing. 55Overall, the bonyads remain a cornerstone of clerical power, accounting for an estimated 10 to 20 percent of Iran’s gross domestic product. 56 The report makes three main arguments. First, Iran is explicitly engaged in a “soft war,” or jang-e narm, with the West—especially the United States. 1 As former Iranian intelligence chief Heidar Moslehi remarked, “We do not have a physical war with the enemy, but we are engaged in heavy information warfare with the enemy.” 2 Second, Iran uses both formal and informal instruments to wage jang-e narm. Examples range from official television broadcasting through organizations like the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting to informal cultural centers. Third, Iran has weaknesses and vulnerabilities that stem, in part, from its authoritarian system and self-perception as the vanguard of Shia Islam, which have undermined the legitimacy of its message and created inefficiency and corruption. The United States’ greatest strengths—its support of democratic principles, open markets, and free press—are Iran’s most significant weaknesses. Iran’s authoritarian political system and attempt to control access to information make it vulnerable to a U.S. and Western information campaign. But U.S. efforts to ideologically compete with Iran have been ad hoc and poorly funded. The United States and other Western governments need to step up efforts to compete with Iran through soft power, not just focus on military, financial, and diplomatic means. The Iranian government established the Islamic Culture and Relations Organization (ICRO) in an attempt to streamline Iran’s cultural and religious outreach. Like other aspects of Iran’s soft power, it is heavily centralized. 40The ICRO is nominally under the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance but is funded by—and reports to—the office of the supreme leader. 41The ICRO’s mission is to strengthen ties with countries and populations overseas through educational, religious, and artistic events and exhibitions. 42 Sahar TV is a religious channel for non-Persian speakers, which began broadcasting in 1997 and aims to both export the Iranian revolution abroad and support Islamic education. 22In 2010, Sahar TV split into two separate satellite channels: Sahar 1, which broadcasts 20 hours per day in Azeri, French, and Bosnian; and Sahar 2, which broadcasts 24 hours per day in Kurdish, English, and Urdu. 23How Japan's global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower". Quartz. 2020-05-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21 . Retrieved 2021-12-12.