Rahman T., Hosen I., Islam M.M.T., Shekhar H.U. Oxidative stress, and human health. Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2012;3:997–1019. doi: 10.4236/abb.2012.327123.

The second visit was conducted at the Fitness Club Maniac Gym, where the cardiopulmonary fitness test and body composition analysis were carried out.

Clinical Trials on Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

It included qualification for the study based on the criteria for inclusion in the study group, discussion of the purpose of the study and signing the written consent for the study by the participants, as well as information about the protection of their personal data and full anonymity. Stool collection for microbial analysis, short chain fatty acids, zonulin and calprotectin concentration. Statistical analysis will be performed according to the E9 Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials [ 80]. For quantitative outcomes, the between-group comparisons will be performed using the ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis rank-based nonparametric test depending on the data distribution followed by appropriate post-hoc tests. The qualitative outcomes will be compared using the Chi-square test. Longitudinal data will be analyzed with either repeated measures of ANOVA or aligned rank-transform ANOVA, depending on the data distribution, or McNemar’s test. Inflammatory state will be assessed by measurement of blood C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as blood and stool calprotectin.

For morphological tests (blood count with smear, lipid profile, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein and ionogram) at the third visit for each competitor was collected blood from the vein in the amount of 10 ml. Physical activity will be assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which allows for expressing physical activity in the metabolic equivalent – MET-min/week [ 46]. The IPAQ estimates physical activity of different intensity levels (walking, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity activities) during the last seven days. Based on the results, the responders are classified into one of three activity categories: ‘insufficient,’‘sufficient,’ or ‘high’. The level of physical activity is a potential confounder having an impact on gut microbiota composition [ 58, 59] and some biochemical parameters [ 60, 61]. Studies have also shown that excessive workouts affect gut permeability [ 59]. The product gluten-free, free of preservatives. Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet and a healthy lifestyle. Keep out of reach of children, at room temperature, no need to refrigerate. The food diary includes hours of meals, the weight of products and dishes, and the amount of fluids consumed during the day. Szulinska M, Loniewski I, van Hemert S, Sobieska M, Bogdanski P. Dose-Dependent Effects of Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation on the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Level and Cardiometabolic Profile in Obese Postmenopausal Women: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 15;10(6):773. doi: 10.3390/nu10060773.Patient will be cross-over to the different group of probiotic/placebo ("A" or "B" as described on the visit 2) and will be advised to consume 2 capsules in the morning and 2 capsules in the evening.

In the case of side-effects from the gastrointestinal system, the dose will be reduced to the dose where there were no symptoms or there were symptoms that patients accepts. Twice (during the initial and final stages) the following measurements were taken: complete blood count with smear, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides, sodium, iron, potassium, magnesium, serum calcium, determination C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Before the test, the participants were informed about the need to stay fasting 8-12 hours and a minimum of 24 hours after physical activity.Mix the oral powder with cold water or a non-carbonated drink or soft food (applesauce, yogurt, ice cream). Eat or drink this mixture right away. Do not save it for later use. Patients who will be randomized to probiotic/ placebo "B" at visit 2 will be switched to probiotic/ placebo "A" at visit 6 and patients who will be randomized to group probiotic/ placebo "A" at visit 2 will be switched to probiotic/ placebo "B" at visit 6.

Pugh JN, Sparks AS, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Langan-Evans C, Kirk B, Fearn R, Morton JP, Close GL. Four weeks of probiotic supplementation reduces GI symptoms during a marathon race. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 Jul;119(7):1491-1501. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04136-3. Epub 2019 Apr 13. Competitors used probiotic/ placebo for three months at a dose of 2x2 capsules daily (2.5 x 10 9 CFU / g (1 capsule)). Elbere I, Kalnina I, Silamikelis I, Konrade I, Zaharenko L, Sekace K, Radovica-Spalvina I, Fridmanis D, Gudra D, Pirags V, Klovins J. Association of metformin administration with gut microbiome dysbiosis in healthy volunteers. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 27;13(9):e0204317. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204317. eCollection 2018. A potential connection between abnormal immune response, food-derived compounds, and MDD is still poorly understood; however, increasing evidence has confirmed the importance of the interplay between microbiota, gut permeability, immune-inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of MDD [ 83]. The modulation of the gut-microbiota-brain axis could therefore be a promising therapeutic target for mental illnesses [ 15, 16, 84]. This concept has produced a new clinical approach involving dietary interventions restoring gut eubiosis in the treatment of MDD.

Calero CDQ, Rincon EO, Marqueta PM. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: useful for athletes and active individuals? A systematic review. Benef Microbes. 2020 Mar 27;11(2):135-149. doi: 10.3920/BM2019.0076. Epub 2020 Feb 19. The investigators have chosen Sanprobi Barrier multi-strain formula probiotic because it is identical, in relation to bacterial strains and number, to Ecologic® BARRIER which has been proven in in vitro studies to improve the function of epithelial barrier of the intestine. Participants will be asked to collect stool samples after overnight fasting to avoid the effect of food consumption on short-chain fatty acid synthesis. Each participant will receive detailed instructions describing the method for material collection. A plastic holder will be used to collect faeces into a sterilized screw-capped collection container. Participants will be asked to store the sample in a fridge and deliver the sample up to 24h after collection to the clinic. The samples will be preserved in 2mL Eppendorf tubes containing 600μL DNA/RNA later solution (Zymo Research, Freiburg, Germany) to prevent the degradation processes and will be frozen at −80°C until the beginning of the microbiota analyses. Leite GSF, Resende Master Student AS, West NP, Lancha AH Jr. Probiotics and sports: A new magic bullet? Nutrition. 2019 Apr;60:152-160. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.023. Epub 2018 Oct 22.