In this paper, Quine explicitly connected each of the three main medieval ontological positions, namely realism/ conceptualism/ nominalism, with one of three dominant schools in modern philosophy of mathematics: logicism/ intuitionism/ formalism respectively. When to use it: both sides make valid arguments; your readers are sympathetic to the opposing position This state of affairs does not seem to be very satisfactory. The idea that some of our rules of inference should depend on empirical information, which may not be forthcoming, is so foreign to the character of logical inquiry that a thorough re-examination of the two inferences [existential generalization and universal instantiation] may prove worth our while.

Quine was politically conservative, but the bulk of his writing was in technical areas of philosophy removed from direct political issues. [17] He did, however, write in defense of several conservative positions: for example, he wrote in defense of moral censorship; [18] while, in his autobiography, he made some criticisms of American postwar academics. [19] [20] Harvard [ edit ] Quine’s writing is uniquely clear and straightforward, and so there is value also in his exposition of some obscure, difficult concepts in analytic philosophy. A must read for readers interested in analytic philosophy, philosophy of science, logic, empiricism, and mathematics. Roth C, Obiedkov SA, Kourie DG (2006) Towards concise representation for taxonomies of epistemic communities. In: Yahia SB, Nguifo EM, Běelohlávek R (eds) Fourth international conference on concept lattices and their applications, CLA 2006. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4923. Springer, Tunis, pp 240–255 Quine was very warm to the possibility that formal logic would eventually be applied outside of philosophy and mathematics. He wrote several papers on the sort of Boolean algebra employed in electrical engineering, and with Edward J. McCluskey, devised the Quine–McCluskey algorithm of reducing Boolean equations to a minimum covering sum of prime implicants. Formal systems involving intensional notions, especially modality. Quine was especially hostile to modal logic with quantification, a battle he largely lost when Saul Kripke's relational semantics became canonical for modal logics.Lejewski then goes on to offer a description of free logic, which he claims accommodates an answer to the problem. A. Reiterate your position and thesis statement, drawing on your strongest evidential support and rebuttals of opposing points (known as peroratio )

Quine's Ph.D. thesis and early publications were on formal logic and set theory. Only after World War II did he, by virtue of seminal papers on ontology, epistemology and language, emerge as a major philosopher. By the 1960s, he had worked out his " naturalized epistemology" whose aim was to answer all substantive questions of knowledge and meaning using the methods and tools of the natural sciences. Quine roundly rejected the notion that there should be a "first philosophy", a theoretical standpoint somehow prior to natural science and capable of justifying it. These views are intrinsic to his naturalism. Gibson, Roger F. (1988). Enlightened Empiricism: An Examination of W. V. Quine's Theory of Knowledge. Tampa: University of South Florida. While all seven types of essays follow the same introduction-body-conclusion structure, argumentative essays tend to be more complex to fit all the necessary components of a convincing argument. For example, you may want to dissect opposing points of view to strengthen your own argument, but where would you put that section? Before your argument? After? Intermingled throughout the essay with each new piece of evidence? Tonella P (2003) Using a concept lattice of decomposition slices for program understanding and impact analysis. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 29(6):495–509Quine grew up in Akron, Ohio, where he lived with his parents and older brother Robert Cloyd. His father, Cloyd Robert, [14] was a manufacturing entrepreneur (founder of the Akron Equipment Company, which produced tire molds) [14] and his mother, Harriett E., was a schoolteacher and later a housewife. [9] Quine was an atheist when he was a teenager. [15] Education [ edit ] Church, Alonzo (1935). "Review: A System of Logistic by Willard Van Orman Quine" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (9): 598–603. doi: 10.1090/s0002-9904-1935-06146-4. Margarita Vázquez Campos and Antonio Manuel Liz Gutiérrez in their work, "The Notion of Point of View", give a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the concept. They point out that despite being crucial in many discourses, the notion has not been adequately analyzed, though some important works do exist. [4] They mention that early classical Greek philosophers, starting from Parmenides and Heraclitus discussed the relation between "appearance" and reality, i.e., how our points of view are connected with reality. [8] They specifically point out Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. They consider Wittgenstein's theory of "pictures" or "models" (Wittgenstein used the German word Bild, which means both "picture" and "model") as an illustration of the relationship between points of view and reality. [9] Propositional attitudes [ edit ] Gibson, Roger F. (2004). Quintessence: Basic Readings from the Philosophy of W. V. Quine. Harvard University Press.