They can be found on the ocean floor and under ice caps, too! 10.Lava from a volcano can reach 1,250°C!

Compac stone isn’t only suited for standard uses & applications e.g. quartz worktops. There is an infinite range of decorative possibilities and solutions. Dining table tops, BBQ tops, paved shopping centre floors or cladded bar tops & walls. This company brings pigments, resins, ground stone + water-resistant agents, then combines them to create glistening marvels that also act as functional, practical tools facilitating everyday kitchen use. Aspinall WP, Loughlin SC, Michael FV, Miller AD, Norton GE, Rowley KC, Sparks RSJ, Young SR (2002) The Montserrat volcano observatory: its evolution, organization, role and activities. Geol Soc Lond Mem 21:71–91 Newhall C (1999) Professional conduct of scientists during volcanic crises. Bull Volcanol 60(5):323–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008908Beaven S, Wilson T, Johnston L, Johnston D, Smith R (2017) Role of boundary organization after a disaster: New Zealand’s natural hazards research platform and the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Nat Hazards Rev 18(2):05016003 Potter SH, Jolly GE, Neall VE, Johnston DM, Scott BJ (2014) Communicating the status of volcanic activity: revising New Zealand’s volcanic alert level system. J Appl Volcanol 3:13 The overriding consensus among all interviewees as to what VALS are intended to accomplish was that VALS were an awareness-raising medium, or ‘flag’, providing a “heads up, pay attention, something has changed, you need to look at reports, updates for information statements, or listen to advice from federal agencies” as one interviewee put it (CVO Senior Scientist 2). This applied across the interface between communities of experts and of end-users. The VALS helped to “ramp up situational awareness” among users in that it “dictates and drives our situation awareness and staffing” (AVO user—NWS 3), and provided an equivalent “flag for users for how often the users should be looking for information” (CVO scientist 12). Interviews suggested that scientists similarly responded to VALS as an awareness raising mechanism, since the rate at which they “process and disseminate information is dependent on the alert level” (CVO scientist 12), implying that at red alert, information statements would be issued faster than at yellow alert. Expectations on the role of the VALS Volcano Light is acream, marble look quartz material that comes in amatte & polished texture. It is supplied to Polish Granite by Compac company specialising in stone slab production. Why Volcano Light is the perfect material for stone kitchen worktops? Koetz T, Farrell KN, Bridgewater P (2012) Building better science-policy interfaces for international environmental governance: assessing potential within the intergovernmental platform for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Int Environ Agreements: Politics Law Econ 12(1):1–21

Metzger P, D’Ercole R, Sierra A (1999) Political and scientific uncertainties in volcanic risk management: the yellow alert in Quito in October 1998. GeoJournal 49:213–221 identified the importance to effective science advising of ‘boundary work’ carried out at the interface between communities of experts and communities of decision makers. This work highlights the prevalence of different norms and expectations in the two communities regarding such crucial concepts as what constitutes reliable evidence, convincing argument, procedural fairness, and appropriate characterisation of uncertainty. It points out the difficulty in effective communication between the communities that results from these differences, and stresses the importance for effective advising of explicit development of boundary-spanning institutions or procedures (Cash et al. 2003, p. 8086). Matte’ finish of the cream, marble look Volcano Light by Compac is defined by the rough-to-touch texture. Our matte products are deprived of the glossy reflection, the customary quality of most granite worktops and quartz worktops. Instead, they are characterised by acoarse, unpolished layer, more representative of natural stone surfaces. Thanks to their unique ‘organic’ texture, matte surfaces are made for those who appreciate the unrefined, cool feeling of stone. Cash et al. ( 2003) drew from more than 30 case studies to confirm that the use of institutions or procedures that span this interface between scientific and decision-making communities have been necessary to establish the usability and potential influence of scientific knowledge. The effective use, value and deployment of information across this interface depend on three interlinked criteria: the scientific credibility of the information, its relevance to the needs of stakeholders and the legitimacy of both information and the processes that produced it. Translation of scientific concepts and terminology into accessible everyday language is required to ensure that everyone involved understands why and how information is scientifically credible (Cash et al. 2003). Multi-valent communication among all involved is required to ensure that all involved, including scientific communities, fully understand relevance to stakeholder needs. The legitimacy of the information relies on the perception that the interests and influences of all those involved, including both scientific and end user groups, are included and balanced; legitimacy relies on transparency, and is enhanced by mediation arrangements.

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Lee E, Su Jung C, Lee MK (2014) The potential role of boundary organizations in the climate regime. Environ Sci Pol 36:24–36 Guston DH (2001) Boundary organizations in environmental policy and science: an introduction. Sci Technol Hum Values 26(4):399–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224390102600401 Unraveling the origin of volcanic lightninghas been difficult. In thunderstorms, the culprits are colliding ice crystals, which generate enough of an electric charge to trigger lightning. But ash clouds are less predictable and harder to study than supercells (thunderstorms), so scientists are still trying to figure out what sets off volcanic lightning. For instance, it seems absurd to blame ice for lightning in a volcanic inferno. This refers to the amount of volcanic activity. “ Active” means there’s regular activity, “ dormant” means there’s been recent activity but the volcano is currently quiet, and “ extinct” means it’s been so long since the last eruption that it’s unlikely to ever erupt again. 7. Volcanoes can be a variety of shapes.