Gohlich, U. B. (2007). "The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus – a new species from the Miocene of Peru". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52: 285–298. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014 . Retrieved November 13, 2014. Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the little penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season. [77] Traditionally, most extinct species of penguins, giant or small, had been placed in the paraphyletic subfamily called Palaeeudyptinae. More recently, with new taxa being discovered and placed in the phylogeny if possible, it is becoming accepted that there were at least two major extinct lineages. One or two closely related ones occurred in Patagonia, and at least one other—which is or includes the paleeudyptines as recognized today – occurred on most Antarctic and Subantarctic coasts. Jadwiszczak, P. (2009). "Penguin past: The current state of knowledge". Polish Polar Research. 30: 3–28. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2014. a b c d e f g h i j k l Baker, A. J; Pereira, S. L.; Haddrath, O. P; Edge, K.-A. (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (#1582): 11–7. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228.

Penguins are aquatic, flightless seabirds in the family Spheniscidae. Although penguins have lost the ability to fly, they are skilled swimmers. A penguin’s powerful wings are adapted for “flying” through the water rather than through the air. a b Baker, A., Pereira, SL, Haddrath, OP, Edge, KA (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (#1582): 11–7. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Penguins and humans The cook on the Endurance preparing an emperor penguin for consumption. An Adélie penguin encountering a human during the Antarctic summerThe king penguin is found in several Antarctic and sub-Antarctic locations, including the Falkland, Crozet and Prince Edward Island groups, Tierra del Fuego and the continent of Antarctica itself.

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Galapagos Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020.Ideally, we would publish every review we receive, whether positive or negative. However, we won’t display any review that includes or refers to (among other things): They can drink salt water because their supraorbital gland filters excess salt from the bloodstream. [59] [60] [61] The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages. The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of fish, shrimp and squid. The species will swim 50 miles / 80 km out to see in a single day when hunting. The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand, or about 62 mya. [33] While they were not as well-adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins, Waimanu were generally loon-like birds but already flightless, with short wings adapted for deep diving. [33] They swam on the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to most other diving birds (both living and extinct) – already adapting to underwater locomotion. [35] To take advantage of this great offer just simply add the warranty extension you want and we'll do the rest.