Applicators of different adhesives are designed according to the adhesive being used and the size of the area to which the adhesive will be applied. The adhesive is applied to either one or both of the materials being bonded. The pieces are aligned and pressure is added to aid in adhesion and rid the bond of air bubbles. a b Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (January 2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1310. Bibcode: 2006JArSc..33.1310M. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006. In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period AD 1500–1700. [14] At this time, world-renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as Thomas Chippendale and Duncan Phyfe began to use adhesives to hold their products together. [9] In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The Netherlands. This plant produced glues from animal hides. [15] In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories. [9] In 1876, the first U.S. patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue. [9] [16] Key details – Weight: 15g; Compatible materials: Metal, wood, ceramic, paper, rubber, plastic (excluding PP and PE); Applicator: Nozzle Ross, John; Charles Ross (10 October 1876). "Improvement in Processes of Preparing Glue". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2013.

As a general design rule, the material properties of the object need to be greater than the forces anticipated during its use. (i.e. geometry, loads, etc.). The engineering work will consist of having a good model to evaluate the function. For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using fracture mechanics. Concepts such as the stress concentration factor and the strain energy release rate can be used to predict failure. In such models, the behavior of the adhesive layer itself is neglected and only the adherents are considered. Andrew - Very good point. And at the fundamental physics level, it's electrical attraction. To make it simple, it's the fact that one molecule electrically is attracted to another molecule. Another important thing to know is that a little goes a long way with this powerful adhesive. In fact, Gorilla recommends using just one drop of glue per 6.5cm2 of surface area, so do be careful when opening the product and applying it. Synthetic adhesives are made out of organic compounds. Many are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons Klister in the 1920s. [36] Application [ edit ]While many super glues are suitable for use on some plastics, Loctite’s plastic-focused product is suitable for use on all plastics. These include polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which some of the other products on our list specifically specify they don’t work on. Ralph D. Hermansen (16 March 2017). Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds. Apple Academic Press. p.31. ISBN 9781771883153 . Retrieved 27 October 2017. Heat curing adhesives consist of a pre-made mixture of two or more components. When heat is applied the components react and cross-link. This type of adhesive includes thermoset epoxies, urethanes, and polyimides.

Wadley, Lyn (1 June 2010). "Compound‐Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age". Current Anthropology. 51 (s1): S111–S119. doi: 10.1086/649836. S2CID 56253913. Gordon, J. E. (1991). The New Science of Strong materials (or why you don't fall through the floor) (2nd rev.ed.). Penguin Books. p.155. ISBN 0140135979. Some glues and adhesives have a limited shelf life. Shelf life is dependent on multiple factors, the foremost of which being temperature. Adhesives may lose their effectiveness at high temperatures, as well as become increasingly stiff. [40] Other factors affecting shelf life include exposure to oxygen or water vapor.Much like its name implies, Loctite is renowned for its fast-drying and incredibly strong adhesives. If you’re looking for a product that’s better suited to more intricate, harder to reach areas, this is an ideal option. Kinloch, A.J. (1987). Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology (Reprinted.ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p.1. ISBN 0-412-27440-X. Multi-component adhesives harden by mixing two or more components which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link [30] into acrylates, urethanes, and epoxies (see Thermosetting polymer). It goes without saying that super glue shouldn’t be applied to skin. If this happens, soaking the area in warm water or gently rubbing it with oil can help. In more severe cases, medical advice might be required. Is there anything I can’t use super glue on? The individual components of a multi-component adhesive are not adhesive by nature. The individual components react with each other after being mixed and show full adhesion only on curing. The multi-component resins can be either solvent-based or solvent-less. The solvents present in the adhesives are a medium for the polyester or the polyurethane resin. The solvent is dried during the curing process.