Gold also has a –1 oxidation state in covalent complexes with the group 4 transition metals, such as in titanium tetraauride and the analogous zirconium and hafnium compounds. These chemicals are expected to form gold-bridged dimers in a manner similar to titanium(IV) hydride. [46] Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 Christie, A and Brathwaite, R. (Last updated 2 November 2011) Mineral Commodity Report 14 — Gold, Institute of geological and Nuclear sciences Ltd– Retrieved 7 June 2012 The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite ( Au 2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite ( AuSb 2). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride ( Cu 3Au), novodneprite ( AuPb 3) and weishanite ( (Au,Ag) 3Hg 2).

a b "A Case for the World's Oldest Coin: Lydian Lion". Rg.ancients.info. 2 October 2003 . Retrieved 27 October 2013.Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe 4 2+(Sb 2F 11 −) 2". Science. 290 (5489): 117–118. Bibcode: 2000Sci...290..117S. doi: 10.1126/science.290.5489.117. PMID 11021792. The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.

Haber, F. (1927). "Das Gold im Meerwasser". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie. 40 (11): 303–314. Bibcode: 1927AngCh..40..303H. doi: 10.1002/ange.19270401103. Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam, and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors. [24] The symbol Au is from the Latin: aurum, the Latin word for "gold". [110] The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning "glow". This word is derived from the same root (Proto-Indo-European *h₂u̯es- "to dawn") as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora, "dawn". [111] This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant "shining dawn". [112] CultureJung, Jaehoon; Kim, Hyemi; Kim, Jong Chan; Park, Min Hee; Han, Young-Kyu (2011). "Gold Behaves as Hydrogen in the Intermolecular Self-Interaction of Metal Aurides MAu 4 (M=Ti, Zr, and Hf)". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 6 (3): 868–872. doi: 10.1002/asia.201000742. PMID 21225974.