By 1891, Marsh published a more familiar view of Stegosaurus, [11] with a single row of plates. This was dropped fairly early on (apparently because it was poorly understood how the plates were embedded in the skin and they were thought to overlap too much in this arrangement). It was revived, in somewhat modified form, in the 1980s, by Stephen Czerkas, [18] based on the arrangement of iguana dorsal spines. Extinct Monsters: The Marsh Dinosaurs, Part II". EXTINCT MONSTERS. September 23, 2012 . Retrieved January 10, 2022. Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.

Wedel, Matt (December 15, 2009). "Lies, damned lies, and Clash of the Dinosaurs". Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week. Mallison, H. (2010). "CAD assessment of the posture and range of motion of Kentrosaurus aethiopicus HENNIG 1915". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 103 (2): 211–233. doi: 10.1007/s00015-010-0024-2. S2CID 132746786. Lambert, David (1993). The Ultimate Dinosaur Book. Dorling Kindersley, New York. pp.110–29. ISBN 978-1-56458-304-8. Barrett, PM (2001). "Tooth wear and possible jaw action of Scelidosaurus harrisoni, and a review of feeding mechanisms in other thyreophoran dinosaurs". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp.25–52. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5. Marsh published his more accurate skeletal reconstruction of Stegosaurus in 1891, and within a decade Stegosaurus had become among the most-illustrated types of dinosaur. [104] Artist Charles R. Knight published his first illustration of Stegosaurus ungulatus based on Marsh's skeletal reconstruction in a November 1897 issue of The Century Magazine. This illustration would later go on to form the basis of the stop-motion puppet used in the 1933 film King Kong. Like Marsh's reconstruction, Knight's first restoration had a single row of large plates, though he next used a double row for his more well-known 1901 painting, produced under the direction of Frederic Lucas. Again under Lucas, Knight revised his version of Stegosaurus again two years later, producing a model with a staggered double row of plates. Knight would go on to paint a stegosaur with a staggered double plate row in 1927 for the Field Museum of Natural History, and was followed by Rudolph F. Zallinger, who painted Stegosaurus this way in his "Age of Reptiles" mural at the Peabody Museum in 1947. [105] Life-sized restoration of Stegosaurus stenops in the U.S. National Museum, ca. 1911a b Cameron, R. P.; Cameron, J. A.; Barnett, S. M. (November 26, 2016). "Stegosaurus chirality". arXiv: 1611.08760 [ q-bio.PE].

Dong, Z. M. (1973). Dinosaurs from Wuerho. Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoir, 11, 45-52. S. stenops had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90cm (2.0–3.0ft) long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. [25] Initially, Marsh described S.ungulatus as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike S.stenops. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. [5] Growth and metabolism [ edit ]Stegosaurus stenops, meaning "narrow-faced roof lizard", was named by Marsh in 1887, [10] with the holotype having been collected by Marshall Felch at Garden Park, north of Cañon City, Colorado, in 1886. This is the best-known species of Stegosaurus, mainly because its remains include at least one complete articulated skeleton. It had proportionately large, broad plates and rounded tail plates. Articulated specimens show that the plates were arranged alternating in a staggered double row. S. stenops is known from at least 50partial skeletons of adults and juveniles, one complete skull, and four partial skulls. It was shorter than other species, at 6.5m (21ft). [32] Found in the Morrison Formation, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. [40] a b International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2013). "Opinion 2320 (Case 3536): Stegosaurus Marsh, 1877 (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): type species replaced with Stegosaurus stenops Marsh, 1887". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 70 (2): 129–130. doi: 10.21805/bzn.v70i2.a4. S2CID 198149935. Rajewski, Genevieve (May 2008). "Where Dinosaurs Roamed". Smithsonian: 20–24. Archived from the original on October 15, 2009 . Retrieved April 30, 2008. a b c Escaso F, Ortega F, Dantas P, Malafaia E, Pimentel NL, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Sanz JL, Kullberg JC, Kullberg MC, Barriga F (2007). "New Evidence of Shared Dinosaur Across Upper Jurassic Proto-North Atlantic: Stegosaurus From Portugal" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 94 (5): 367–74. Bibcode: 2007NW.....94..367E. doi: 10.1007/s00114-006-0209-8. PMID 17187254. S2CID 10930309.

Most of the information known about Stegosaurus comes from the remains of mature animals; more recently, though, juvenile remains of Stegosaurus have been found. One subadult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6m (15.1ft) long and 2m (6.6ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 1.5-2.2metric tons (1.6-2.4short tons) [35] while alive. It is on display in the University of Wyoming Geological Museum. [36] Skull [ edit ] S.stenops skull cast, Natural History Museum of Utah a b Cameron, Robert P.; Cameron, John A.; Barnett, Stephen M. (August 15, 2015). "Were there two forms of Stegosaurus?". arXiv: 1508.03729 [ q-bio.PE]. At one time, stegosaurs were described as having a "second brain" in their hips. Soon after describing Stegosaurus, Marsh noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord, which could have accommodated a structure up to 20 times larger than the famously small brain. This has led to the influential idea that dinosaurs like Stegosaurus had a "second brain" in the tail, which may have been responsible for controlling reflexes in the rear portion of the body. This "brain" was proposed to have given a Stegosaurus a temporary boost when it was under threat from predators. [41] Raven, T.j.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2017). "A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 2017 (3): 401–408. Bibcode: 2017Palgy..60..401R. doi: 10.1111/pala.12291. hdl: 10044/1/45349. S2CID 55613546.

Stegosaurus priscus, described by Nopcsa in 1911, was reassigned to Lexovisaurus, [40] and is now the type species of Loricatosaurus. [22] McWhinney LA, Rothschild BM, Carpenter K (2001). "Posttraumatic Chronic Osteomyelitis in Stegosaurus dermal spikes". In Carpenter K (ed.). The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp.141–56. ISBN 978-0-253-33964-5.