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Amentie T, Eshetu M, Mekasha Y, Kebede A. Milk postharvest handling practices across the supply chain in eastern Ethiopia. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2016;3:112–26.
Al-Qumber M, Tagg J. Commensal bacilli inhibitory to mastitis pathogens isolated from the udder microbiota of healthy cows. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;101:1152–60. Doyle CJ, Gleeson D, O’Toole PW, Cotter PD. Impacts of seasonal housing and teat preparation on raw milk microbiota: a high-throughput sequencing study. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83:e02694-e12616. Pantoja JCF, Reinemann DJ, Ruegg PL. Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:4978–87. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2329.This study revealed low-quality bulk farm milk with high bacterial counts and a high occurrence of S. aureus. This indicates the potential food safety risks due to consumption of raw milk or its products. This study suggests awareness creation to dairy farmers and the public on hygienic milk production and heat treatment of milk before consumption.
Porcellato D, Meisal R, Bombelli A, Narvhus JA. A core microbiota dominates a rich microbial diversity in the bovine udder and may indicate presence of dysbiosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1–14. Marcondes MI, Jácome DC, Lopes A, Rennó N, Rennó LN, Clarissa A. Evaluation of raw milk quality in different production systems and periods of the year. R Bras Zootec. 2014;43:670–6. Fig 5: There is little sense in treating an older cow with chronic Staph aureus and a persistently high cell count AntibioticsGanda EK, Bisinotto RS, Lima SF, Kronauer K, Decter DH, Oikonomou G, Schukken YH, Bicalho RC. Longitudinal metagenomic profiling of bovine milk to assess the impact of intramammary treatment using a third-generation cephalosporin. Sci Rep. 2016;6:1–13. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis [ 20], resulting in large economic losses due to reduced milk production and quality [ 21]. S. aureus is frequently isolated from cows with mastitis [ 22, 23, 24, 25] and bulk milk [ 26, 27, 28] in Ethiopia. The presence of S. aureus in bulk milk samples indicates that infected cows are present in a herd [ 9]. The public health concern due to staphylococcal food poisoning is potentially serious in Ethiopia due to widespread raw milk consumption habits [ 29, 30, 31]. S. aureus produces enterotoxins that cause food poisoning when ingested in contaminated food. Milk and milk products are frequently implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning [ 32]. Bulk milk analysis is a useful tool for evaluating milk quality and monitoring udder health status at the herd level. The hygienic quality of milk can be determined using several microbiological count methods, including total bacterial count (TBC), coliform count (CC) and coagulase-positive staphylococci count (CPS) [ 8]. TBC provides an estimate of the total number of aerobic bacteria present in raw milk [ 9] and is the most common method to evaluate the hygienic quality of raw milk at the farm level [ 10]. TBC is a useful indicator of the hygienic condition of the farm environment, the cow and the milking equipment [ 11, 12]. An increase in the TBC of bulk tanks can be related to environmental contaminants, unsanitary milk equipment, dirty udders and teats, and mastitis causing organisms [ 10, 13]. Temperature of storage and time since milking are also important in determining milk quality, as these factors influence the rate at which bacteria increase in number [ 4]. A high level of TBC (> 10 6 cfu/ml) is associated with increased enzyme activity that can result in textural and flavour defects in raw milk and processed dairy products [ 14, 15].
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