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The modeled C. elegans ion channels (second column), grouped on the basis of ion selectivity (first column) are classified according to vertebrate homologues (third column) and corresponding nematode genes (fourth column). The fifth and the sixth columns report the gene expression in AWC ON and RMD. The seventh column reports the references to experimental data used to model each channel type and the relative organism. The symbols denote the specific patch clamp recording conditions: • on dissected worm cultured myocytes [ 25], body wall muscles [ 15] or pharynx [ 36], *, ∘ and ⋄ respectively on Xenopus oocytes, HEK cells, and CHO cells expressing the desired genes. In the text, the genes encoding for the modeled channels and the corresponding channel proteins are reported in italic and capital letters, respectively (e.g egl-19 genes encode for EGL-19 channels). Further, we denote the current associated to a specific class of channels with the channel protein name, omitting the dash between the gene family name and the number (e.g. EGL19 are the currents carried by EGL-19 channels). When two or more genes encode for a channel type, we indicate the channels and the currents with the gene family name in capital letters (e.g. kcnl-1/4, KCNL). Required minimum distributions (RMDs) are the minimum amounts you must withdraw from your retirement accounts each year. You generally must start taking withdrawals from your traditional IRA, SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, and retirement plan accounts when you reach age 72 (73 if you reach age 72 after Dec. 31, 2022).
McGill, S.G.; Yi, S.J.; Yi, H.; Ahn, M.S.; Cho, S.; Liu, K.; Sun, D.; Lee, B.; Jeong, H.; Huh, J.; et al. Team THOR’s Entry in the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals 2015. J. Field Robot. 2017, 34, 775–801. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]where K yx ( K xy) is linked to calcium affinity for channel closing (opening) transition, w yx ( w xy) regulates voltage sensitivity of closing (opening) transition, ( ) denotes the closing (opening) transition rate at 0 mV, and n yx ( n xy) represents the Hill coefficient of the closing (opening) transition. The activation time constant is a function of the same parameters, where m BKs,∞ = k +/( k ++ k −), , and k − and k + are rate constants dependent both on calcium and voltage, expressed as: The parameters obtained from the isolated BK model are incorporated in the BK-CaV complex description, and in Fig 3, panels A-D, we report the simulated SLO1 and SLO2 currents. BK channels in C. elegans are encoded by slo-1 and slo-2 genes, which show an overlapping expression pattern in muscles and neurons, where the corresponding channels colocalize with EGL-19 and UNC-2 channels [ 53, 54]. This co-expression is related to the activation mechanism for BK. They are indeed almost closed at rest, and the calcium concentration required for activation is reached only in the proximity of a voltage-activated calcium channel [ 50]. Therefore, BK channels are usually strictly coupled with one or more CaV, with the two types of channels colocalized within a nanodomain (of radius r ∼ 10 nm). When the coupled CaV activates, the intracellular calcium rises and causes a shift towards more negative potentials of the activation curve of the BK channel, thereby allowing its activation in physiological conditions. We study the 1:1 coupling between SLO-1/SLO-2 and EGL-19/UNC-2. No experimental evidence is found for co-expression of BK channels with CCA-1. Concerning the additional regulation by intracellular chloride concentration for SLO-2 [ 14, 27, 42], it is still debated in literature if actually chloride regulates these channels, and in any case, no experimental data are available to eventually model the co-regulation. However, it is likely that such additional sensitivity does not contribute to single cell dynamics but it may have a significant role in regulating signal transmission, by working synergically with chloride channels such as the ones modulated by GABA. Despite slo-1 and slo-2 have an overlapping expression, similar functions and overall similarities in current behavior (in Fig 3, compare panels A-B, C-D), these channels also exhibit some differences in their kinetics of activation: SLO-2 channels show an increased half-activation potential at low calcium concentrations and present a lower time constant compared to SLO-1 ( S4 Fig). Della Marca G, Rubino M, Vollono C, Vasta I, Scarano E, Mariotti P, Cianfoni A, Mennuni GF, Tonali P, Zampino G (2006). "Rhythmic tongue movements during sleep: a peculiar parasomnia in Costello syndrome". Mov. Disord. 21 (4): 473–8. doi: 10.1002/mds.20741. PMID 16250029. S2CID 22316426.
Unitree A1 Robot. Available online: https://www.unitree.com/products/a1/ (accessed on 27 March 2021).In this paper, we model the electrical dynamics at the single neuron level, to provide a tool useful in investigating neuron functioning, in driving targeted experiments on C. elegans neurobiology and in developing in silico experiments on both single neurons and networks. are not subject to the age 72 (73 if you reach age 72 after Dec. 31, 2022) RMD rules of IRC Section 401(a)(9), where x denotes a generic ion channel, V x represents the reversal potential for the current passing through the channel x, is the whole-cell maximal conductance associated with x, m x and h x denote activation and inactivation gating variables and the parameters p and q are assumed both equal to 1, unless stated otherwise. Marlow, B (2007). "The interaction between sleep and epilepsy". Seminar in Pediatric Neurology. 48: 36–38.
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