Shapes and patterns can have many different lines of symmetry. This all depends on how many times the shape can be folded in half, yet still remain the same on both sides. A circle, for example, has an infinite number of lines of symmetry because there are more ways of folding it in half than there are of counting. Other shapes, like a love heart, can only be folded in half one way. Reflective studs are a common sight on motorways and are designed to help drivers stay in the correct lane and improve visibility in poor weather or darkness. Jahn CE, Minich V, Moldaschel S, Stahl B, Jedelhauser P, Kremer G, et al. Epiretinal membranes after extracapsular cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27:753–60.

Govetto A, Lalane RA 3rd, Sarraf D, Figueroa MS, Hubschman JP. Insights into epiretinal membranes: presence of ectopic inner foveal layers and a new optical coherence tomography staging scheme. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;175:99–113. When researchers are working on a project they will often think about they way they are working and how it could be improved as well as considering different approaches to achieve their research goal. They will often record this in some way such as in a lab book and this questioning approach is a form of reflective writing. 6. In academic writing Ng CH, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Islam AF, Kawasaki R, Meuer SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for epiretinal membranes in a multi - ethnic United States population. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:694–9. If you're looking for a resource to help you teach about lines of symmetry, then why not try this Investigating Lines of Symmetry Worksheet KS2? When do children begin to learn symmetry?If you'd like to learn more about rotational symmetry, then you might like this Rotational Symmetry Worksheet. What is a Line of symmetry? Engineers use reflection lines to judge a surface's quality. Reflection lines reveal surface flaws, particularly discontinuities in normals indicating that the surface is not C 2 {\displaystyle C

You might also be interested in some of our other activities, games, and worksheets about shapes. Once your learners have mastered symmetry, why not try making some tiled patterns using symmetrical shapes? This is especially important in areas with a high speed limit, as drivers may not have time to react to sudden changes in the road if they don’t spot them in time. The reflective studs help drivers to spot these changes in the road ahead and adjust their speed accordingly. Okamoto F, Sugiura Y, Okamoto Y, Hiraoka T, Oshika T. Time course of changes in aniseikonia and foveal microstructure after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2255–60.Use these differentiated worksheets to help your children develop their understanding of how to draw a shape reflected in a horizontal or vertical mirror line. Cho KH, Park SJ, Cho JH, Woo SJ, Park KH. Inner-retinal irregularity index predicts postoperative visual prognosis in idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;168:139–49. Koizumi H, Spaide RF, Fisher YL, Freund KB, Klancnik JM Jr, Yannuzzi LA. Three-dimensional evaluation of vitreomacular traction and epiretinal membrane using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:509–17. The presence of microcystoid retinal changes or the cotton ball sign had no significant effect on BCVA ( p = 0.548 and 0.861, respectively). However, eyes with EIFL or disruption of the ellipsoid zone were associated with significantly higher BCVA values in logMAR ( p< 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively) (Table 2).

Pupils will then begin to carry on through Year 3 and learn more about the topic of symmetry. Children will be asked to sort shapes in different polygons, ones that are symmetrical and non-symmetrical. For precise qualitative and quantitative analyses, all parameters were measured separately and independently by two retina specialists (SD, MAS) who were masked to the patients’ clinical details. If there were any discrepancies in the measurement of qualitative parameters, another investigator (PY) was consulted for the final decision. Statistical analysis Reflective symmetry is where a shape or pattern is reflected in a mirror line or a line of symmetry. The shape that has been reflected will be the same as the original, it should also be the same size and it will be the same distance away from the mirror. What is Rotational symmetry? Council MD, Shah GK, Lee HC, Sharma S. Visual outcomes and complications of epiretinal membrane removal secondary to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:1218–21. Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are avascular fibrous layers characterized by abnormal fibrocellular proliferation on the inner retinal surface with a prevalence ranging from 2.2 to 28.9%, and they are more common in elderly people [ 1, 2, 3, 4]. ERM involving the macular or peri-macular regions can cause visual impairment, metamorphopsia, micropsia, and occasionally monocular diplopia. Although ERMs may develop secondary to cataract surgery, retinal detachment, retinal vein occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, or uveitis and retinal tearing, most cases are idiopathic [ 5, 6, 7].

In summary, by the end of key stage two, it's expected that children are able to understand and do the following things, in line with the National Curriculum guidance: Kinoshita T, Kovacs KD, Wagley S, Arroyo JG. Morphologic differences in epiretinal membranes on ocular coherence tomography as a predictive factor for surgical outcome. Retina. 2011;31:1692–8.

Both preparing for and writing job applications contain elements of reflective writing. You need to think about the experiencethat makes you suitable for a role and this means reflection on the skills you have developed and how they might relate to the specification. When writing your application you need to expand on what you have done and explain what you have learnt and why this matters - key elements of reflective writing. 2. Appraisals These are the most common reflective studs you will see on UK motorways. These simply show where each of the three lanes are in challenging driving conditions. Finally, in Year 6 Children will be able to reflect shapes and reflect a specific shape into three other quadrants using the x-axis and y-axis. Through this, pupils will also begin to learn about coordinates too. Reflective symmetry is where a shape or pattern is reflected in a mirror line or a line of symmetry. The shape that has been reflected will be the same as the original, it should also be the same size, and it will be the same distance away from the mirror. Yoon YH, Joe SG, Hwang JU, Yang HS. Insights into epiretinal membranes: presence of ectopic inner foveal layers and a new optical coherence tomography staging scheme. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;177:226–7.Continuous EIFL was defined on OCT as the presence of a continuous hypo- or hyper-reflective band, extending from the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer across the foveal region, as described before by Govetto et al. [ 22]. Disruption of the inner segment ellipsoid zone was defined as a discontinuous ellipsoid band in the foveal region, and the presence of the cotton ball sign was defined as a round or diffuse hyper-reflective area between the ellipsoid zone and the cone outer segment tip line at the central fovea, as described by Tsunoda et al. [ 23]. The microcystoid retinal changes were described as the presence of multiple, small hypo-reflective roundish-elliptical cystoid spaces in retinal layers. In the third lane, you may see amber coloured reflective studs. These show the line that shouldn’t be crossed into the central reservation.